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Standard electrode potential (data page)

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The data below tabulates standard electrode potentials (E°), in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, at:

The Nernst equation adjusts for general concentrations, pressures, or temperatures.

Simultaneous half-reactions do not in general add voltages, but instead add Gibbs free energy change: the product of the voltage and the number of electrons transferred, typically the Faraday constant. For example, from Fe2+ + 2e ⇌ Fe(s) (–0.44 V), the energy to create one neutral atom of Fe(s) from one Fe2+ ion and two electrons is 2 × 0.44 eV = 0.88 eV, or 84 895 J/(mol e). That value is also the standard formation energy for an Fe2+ ion, since e and Fe(s) both have zero formation energy.

Data from different sources may cause table inconsistencies. For example: Additivity of Gibbs energy implies not the experimental 0.159 V.

Table of standard electrode potentials

[edit]

Legend: (s) – solid; (l) – liquid; (g) – gas; (aq) – aqueous (default for all charged species); (Hg) – amalgam; bold – water electrolysis equations.

Element Half-reaction / V Electrons Ref.
Oxidant Reductant
Sr Sr+
+ e
Sr(s) -4.101 1 [1]
Ca Ca+
+ e
Ca(s) -3.8 1 [1]
Th Th4+
+ e
Th3+
-3.6 1 [2]
Pr Pr3+
+ e
Pr2+
-3.1 1 Estimated[3]
N 3N
2
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
2HN
3
(aq)
-3.09 2 [4][5]
Li Li+
+ e
Li(s) -3.0401 1 [5][6]: 153 
N N
2
(g) + 4H2O + 2e
2NH
2
OH
(aq) + 2OH
-3.04 2 [4]
Cs Cs+
+ e
Cs(s) -3.026 1 [5]
Ca Ca(OH)
2
+ 2e
Ca(s) + 2OH -3.02 2 [1]
Er Er3+
+ e
Er2+
-3 1 [1]
Ba Ba(OH)
2
+ 2e
Ba(s) + 2OH -2.99 2 [1]
Rb Rb+
+ e
Rb(s) -2.98 1 [5]
K K+
+ e
K(s) -2.931 1 [5]
Ba Ba2+
+ 2e
Ba(s) -2.912 2 [5]
La La(OH)
3
(s) + 3e
La(s) + 3OH -2.9 3 [5]
Fr Fr+
+ e
Fr(s) -2.9 1 [1]
Sr Sr2+
+ 2e
Sr(s) -2.899 2 [5]
Sr Sr(OH)
2
+ 2e
Sr(s) + 2OH -2.88 2 [1]
Ca Ca2+
+ 2e
Ca(s) -2.868 2 [5][6]: 153 
Li Li+
+ C
6
(s) + e
LiC
6
(s)
-2.84 1 [5]
Eu Eu2+
+ 2e
Eu(s) -2.812 2 [5]
Ra Ra2+
+ 2e
Ra(s) -2.8 2 [5]
Ho Ho3+
+ e
Ho2+ -2.8 1 [1]
Bk Bk3+
+ e
Bk2+
-2.8 1 [1]
Yb Yb2+
+ 2e
Yb(s) -2.76 2 [1]
Na Na+
+ e
Na(s) -2.71 1 [5][7]
Mg Mg+
+ e
Mg(s) -2.7 1 [1]
Nd Nd3+
+ e
Nd2+
-2.7 1 [1]
Mg Mg(OH)
2
+ 2e
Mg(s) + 2OH -2.69 2 [1]
Sm Sm2+
+ 2e
Sm(s) -2.68 2 [1]
Be Be
2
O2−
3
+ 3H2O + 4e
2Be(s) + 6OH -2.63 4 [1]
Pm Pm3+
+ e
Pm2+
-2.6 1 [1]
Dy Dy3+
+ e
Dy2+
-2.6 1 [1]
No No2+
+ 2e
No -2.5 2 [1]
Hf HfO(OH)
2
+ H2O + 4e
Hf(s) + 4OH -2.5 4 [1]
Th Th(OH)
4
+ 4e
Th(s) + 4OH -2.48 4 [1]
Md Md2+
+ 2e
Md -2.4 2 [1]
Tm Tm2+
+ 2e
Tm(s) -2.4 2 [1]
La La3+
+ 3e
La(s) -2.379 3 [5]
Y Y3+
+ 3e
Y(s) -2.372 3 [5]
Mg Mg2+
+ 2e
Mg(s) -2.372 2 [5]
Sc ScF3(aq) + 3H+ + 3e Sc(s) + 3HF(aq) -2.37 3 [6]: 792 
Zr ZrO(OH)
2
(s) + H2O + 4e
Zr(s) + 4OH -2.36 4 [5]
Pr Pr3+
+ 3e
Pr(s) -2.353 3 [1]
Ce Ce3+
+ 3e
Ce(s) -2.336 3 [1]
Er Er3+
+ 3e
Er(s) -2.331 3 [1]
Ho Ho3+
+ 3e
Ho(s) -2.33 3 [1]
Al H
2
AlO
3
+ H2O + 3e
Al(s) + 4OH -2.33 3 [1]
Nd Nd3+
+ 3e
Nd(s) -2.323 3 [1]
Tm Tm3+
+ 3e
Tm(s) -2.319 3 [1]
Al Al(OH)
3
(s) + 3e
Al(s) + 3OH -2.31 3 [8]
Sm Sm3+
+ 3e
Sm(s) -2.304 3 [1]
Fm Fm2+ + 2e Fm -2.3 2 [1]
Am Am3+
+ e
Am2+
-2.3 1 [1]
Dy Dy3+
+ 3e
Dy(s) -2.295 3 [1]
Lu Lu3+
+ 3e
Lu(s) -2.28 3 [1]
Sc ScF+
2
+ 2H+ + 3e
Sc(s) + 2HF(l) -2.28 3 [6]: 792 
Tb Tb3+
+ 3e
Tb(s) -2.28 3 [1]
Gd Gd3+
+ 3e
Gd(s) -2.279 3 [1]
H H
2
(g) + 2e
2H
-2.23 2 [1]
Es Es2+
+ 2e
Es(s) -2.23 2 [1]
Pm Pm2+
+ 2e
Pm(s) -2.2 2 [1]
Tm Tm3+
+ e
Tm2+ -2.2 1 [1]
Dy Dy2+
+ 2e
Dy(s) -2.2 2 [1]
Ac Ac3+
+ 3e
Ac(s) -2.2 3 [1]
Yb Yb3+
+ 3e
Yb(s) -2.19 3 [1]
Cf Cf2+
+ 2e
Cf(s) -2.12 2 [1]
Nd Nd2+
+ 2e
Nd(s) -2.1 2 [1]
Ho Ho2+
+ 2e
Ho(s) -2.1 2 [1]
Sc Sc3+
+ 3e
Sc(s) -2.077 3 [9]
Al AlF3−
6
+ 3e
Al(s) + 6F
-2.069 3 [1]
Cm Cm3+
+ 3e
Cm(s) -2.04 3 [1]
Pu Pu3+
+ 3e
Pu(s) -2.031 3 [1]
Pr Pr2+
+ 2e
Pr(s) -2 2 [1]
Er Er2+
+ 2e
Er(s) -2 2 [1]
Eu Eu3+
+ 3e
Eu(s) -1.991 3 [1]
Lr Lr3+
+ 3e
Lr -1.96 3 [1]
Cf Cf3+
+ 3e
Cf(s) -1.94 3 [1]
Es Es3+
+ 3e
Es(s) -1.91 3 [1]
Pa Pa4+
+ e
Pa3+
-1.9 1 [1]
Am Am2+
+ 2e
Am(s) -1.9 2 [1]
Th Th4+
+ 4e
Th(s) -1.899 4 [1]
Fm Fm3+
+ 3e
Fm -1.89 3 [1]
N N2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4H+ + 2e 2NH3OH+ -1.87 2 [6]: 789 
Np Np3+
+ 3e
Np(s) -1.856 3 [1]
Be Be2+
+ 2e
Be(s) -1.847 2 [1]
P H
2
PO
2
+ e
P(s) + 2OH -1.82 1 [1]
U U3+
+ 3e
U(s) -1.798 3 [1]
Sr Sr2+
+ 2e
Sr(Hg) -1.793 2 [1]
B H
2
BO
3
+ H2O + 3e
B(s) + 4OH -1.79 3 [1]
Th ThO
2
+ 4H+ + 4e
Th(s) + 2H2O -1.789 4 [1]
Hf HfO2+
+ 2H+ + 4e
Hf(s) + H2O -1.724 4 [1]
P HPO2−
3
+ 2H2O + 3e
P(s) + 5OH -1.71 3 [1]
Si SiO2−
3
+ 3H2O + 4e
Si(s) + 6OH -1.697 4 [1]
Al Al3+
+ 3e
Al(s) -1.662 3 [1]
Ti Ti2+
+ 2e
Ti(s) -1.63 2 [7]
Zr ZrO
2
(s) + 4H+ + 4e
Zr(s) + 2H2O -1.553 4 [10]
Zr Zr4+
+ 4e
Zr(s) -1.45 4 [10]
Ti Ti3+
+ 3e
Ti(s) -1.37 3 [11]
Ti TiO(s) + 2H+ + 2e Ti(s) + H2O -1.31 2 [6]: 792 
B B(OH)
4
+ 4H2O(l) + 8e
BH
4
+ 8OH
-1.24 8 [6]: 788 
Ga GaO(OH)
2
+ H2O(l) + 3e
Ga(s) + 3OH -1.22 3 [6]: 788 
Ti Ti
2
O
3
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
2TiO(s) + H2O -1.23 2 [6]: 792 
Zn Zn(OH)2−
4
+ 2e
Zn(s) + 4OH -1.199 2 [10]
Mn Mn2+
+ 2e
Mn(s) -1.185 2 [10]
Fe Fe(CN)4−
6
+ 6H+ + 2e
Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) -1.16 2 [12]
C C(s) + 3H2O(l) + 2e CH3OH(l) + 2OH -1.148 2 [6]: 788 
Cr Cr(CN)3−
6
+ e
Cr(CN)4−
6
-1.143 1 [6]: 793 
Te Te(s) + 2e Te2−
-1.143 2 [13]
V V2+
+ 2e
V(s) -1.13 2 [13]
Nb Nb3+
+ 3e
Nb(s) -1.099 3 [8]
Sn Sn(s) + 4H+ + 4e SnH
4
(g)
-1.07 4
Po Po(s) + 2e Po2−
-1.021 2 [14]
Cr [Cr(edta)(H2O)] + e [Cr(edta)(H2O)]2− -0.99 1 [6]: 793 
P 2H3PO4(aq) + 2H+ + 2e (H2PO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) -0.933 2 [6]: 789 
C CO2−
3
+ 3H+ + 2e
HCO
2
+ H2O(l)
-0.93 2 [6]: 788 
Ti TiO2+
+ 2H+ + 4e
Ti(s) + H2O -0.93 4
Si SiO
2
(quartz) + 4H+ + 4e
Si(s) + 2H2O -0.909 4 [6]: 788 
Cr Cr2+
+ 2e
Cr(s) -0.9 2 [6]: 793 
B B(OH)
3
(aq) + 3H+ + 3e
B(s) + 3H2O -0.89 3 [6]: 788 
Fe Fe(OH)
2
(s) + 2e
Fe(s) + 2OH -0.89 2 [12]
Fe Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 3H2O + 2e
2Fe(OH)
2
(s) + 2OH
-0.86 2 [12]
H 2H2O + 2e H
2
(g) + 2OH
-0.8277 2 [10]
Bi Bi(s) + 3H+ + 3e BiH
3
-0.8 3 [10]
Zn Zn2+
+ 2e
Zn(Hg) -0.7628 2 [10]
Zn Zn2+
+ 2e
Zn(s) -0.7618 2 [10]
Ta Ta
2
O
5
(s) + 10H+ + 10e
2Ta(s) + 5H2O -0.75 10
Te 2Te(s) + 2e Te2−
2
-0.74 2 [6]: 790 
Ni Ni(OH)
2
(s) + 2e
Ni(s) + 2OH -0.72 2 [1]
Nb Nb2O5(s) + 10H+ + 10e 2Nb(s) + 5H2O(l) -0.7 10 [6]: 793 
Ag Ag
2
S
(s) + 2e
2Ag(s) + S2−
(aq)
-0.69 2
Te Te2−
2
+ 4H+ + 2e
2H2Te(g) -0.64 2 [6]: 790 
Sb Sb(OH)
4
+ 3e
Sb(s) + 4OH -0.639 3 [6]: 789 
Au [Au(CN)
2
]
+ e
Au(s) + 2CN
-0.6 1
Ta Ta3+
+ 3e
Ta(s) -0.6 3 [8]
Pb PbO(s) + H2O + 2e Pb(s) + 2OH -0.580 2 [8]
Ti 2TiO
2
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
Ti
2
O
3
(s) + H2O
-0.56 2 [6]: 792 
Ga Ga3+
+ 3e
Ga(s) -0.549 3 [8]
U U4+
+ e
U3+
-0.52 1 [15]
P H
3
PO
2
(aq) + H+ + e
P(white)[note 1] + 2H2O -0.508 1 [10]
P H
3
PO
3
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
H
3
PO
2
(aq) + H2O
-0.499 2 [10]
Ni NiO
2
(s) + 2H2O + 2e
Ni(OH)
2
(s) + 2OH
-0.49 2 [1]
Sb Sb(OH)
6
+ 2e
Sb(OH)
4
+ 2OH
-0.465 2 [6]: 789 
P H
3
PO
3
(aq) + 3H+ + 3e
P(red)[note 1] + 3H2O -0.454 3 [10]
Bi Bi2O3(s) + 3H2O(l) + 6e Bi(s) + 6OH -0.452 6 [6]: 789 
Ta TaF2−
7
+ 7H+ + 5e
Ta(s) + 7HF(l) -0.45 5 [6]: 793 
In In3+
+ 2e
In+ -0.444 2 [6]: 788 
Cu Cu(CN)
2
+ e
Cu(s) + 2CN
-0.44 1 [13]
Fe Fe2+
+ 2e
Fe(s) -0.44 2 [7]
C 2CO
2
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43 2
Cr Cr3+
+ e
Cr2+
-0.407 1 [8]
Cd Cd2+
+ 2e
Cd(s) -0.4 2 [7]
Ti Ti3+
+ e
Ti2+
-0.37 1 [6]: 792 
Cu Cu
2
O
(s) + H2O + 2e
2Cu(s) + 2OH -0.36 2 [10]
Pb PbSO
4
(s) + 2e
Pb(s) + SO2−
4
-0.3588 2 [10]
Pb PbSO
4
(s) + 2e
Pb(Hg) + SO2−
4
-0.3505 2 [10]
Eu Eu3+
+ e
Eu2+
-0.35 1 [15]
In In3+
+ 3e
In(s) -0.34 3 [13]
Tl Tl+
+ e
Tl(s) -0.34 1 [13]
Ge Ge(s) + 4H+ + 4e GeH
4
(g)
-0.29 4
Co Co2+
+ 2e
Co(s) -0.28 2 [10]
P H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
H
3
PO
3
(aq) + H2O
-0.276 2 [10]
N N2(g) + 8H+ + 6e 2NH+
4
-0.27 6 [16]
V V3+
+ e
V2+
-0.26 1 [7]
Ni Ni2+
+ 2e
Ni(s) -0.257 2 [8]
S 2HSO
4
+ 2H+ + 2e
S2O2−
6
+ 2H2O(l)
-0.253 2 [6]: 790 
As As(s) + 3H+ + 3e AsH
3
(g)
-0.23 3 [13]
N N2(g) + 5H+ + 4e N2H+
5
-0.23 4 [6]: 789 
Ga Ga+
+ e
Ga(s) -0.2 1 [8]
Ag AgI(s) + e Ag(s) + I
-0.15224 1 [10]
Ge GeO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e Ge(s) + 2H2O(l) -0.15 4 [16]
Mo MoO
2
(s) + 4H+ + 4e
Mo(s) + 2H2O -0.15 4
Si Si(s) + 4H+ + 4e SiH
4
(g)
-0.14 4
Sn Sn2+
+ 2e
Sn(s) -0.13 2
O O
2
(g) + H+ + e
HO
2
(aq)
-0.13 1
In In+ + e In(s) -0.126 1 [6]: 788 
Pb Pb2+
+ 2e
Pb(s) -0.126 2 [7]
W WO
2
(s) + 4H+ + 4e
W(s) + 2H2O -0.12 4
Ge GeO
2
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
GeO(s) + H2O -0.118 2 [8]
P P(red) + 3H+ + 3e PH
3
(g)
-0.111 3 [10]
C CO
2
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
HCOOH(aq) -0.11 2
Se Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e H
2
Se
(g)
-0.11 2 [6]: 790 
C CO
2
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
CO(g) + H2O -0.11 2
Sn α-SnO(s) + 2H+ + 2e Sn(s) + H2O -0.104 2 [6]: 788 
Cu Cu(NH
3
)+
2
+ e
Cu(s) + 2NH
3
(aq)
-0.1 1 [13]
Nb Nb2O5(s) + 10H+ + 4e 2Nb3+
+ 5H2O(l)
-0.1 4 [6]: 793 
W WO
3
(aq) + 6H+ + 6e
W(s) + 3H2O -0.09 6 [13]
Sn SnO
2
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
α-SnO(s) + H2O -0.088 2 [6]: 788 
Fe Fe
3
O
4
(s) + 8H+ + 8e
3Fe(s) + 4H2O -0.085 8 [17]
V VOH2+
+ H+ + e
V2+
+ H2O(l)
-0.082 1 [6]: 793 
P P(white) + 3H+ + 3e PH
3
(g)
-0.063 3 [10]
N N2O(g) + H2O(l) + 6H+ + 4e 2NH3OH+ -0.05 4 [6]: 789 
Fe Fe3+
+ 3e
Fe(s) -0.04 3 [12]
C HCOOH(aq) + 2H+ + 2e HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.034 2 [6]: 788 
H 2H+ + 2e H
2
(g)
0 2
Ag AgBr(s) + e Ag(s) + Br
0.07133 1 [10]
S S
4
O2−
6
+ 2e
2S
2
O2−
3
0.08 2
N N
2
(g) + 2H2O + 6H+ + 6e
2NH
4
OH
(aq)
0.092 6
Hg HgO(s) + H2O + 2e Hg(l) + 2OH 0.0977 2
Cu Cu(NH
3
)2+
4
+ e
Cu(NH
3
)+
2
+ 2NH
3
(aq)
0.1 1 [13]
Ru Ru(NH
3
)3+
6
+ e
Ru(NH
3
)2+
6
0.1 1 [15]
N N
2
H
4
(aq) + 4H2O + 2e
2NH+
4
+ 4OH
0.11 2 [4]
Mo H
2
MoO
4
(aq) + 6H+ + 6e
Mo(s) + 4H2O 0.11 6
Ge Ge4+
+ 4e
Ge(s) 0.12 4
C C(s) + 4H+ + 4e CH
4
(g)
0.13 4 [13]
C HCHO(aq) + 2H+ + 2e CH
3
OH
(aq)
0.13 2
S S(s) + 2H+ + 2e H
2
S
(g)
0.144 2 [6]: 790 
Sb Sb2O3(s) + 6H+ + 6e 2Sb(s) + 3H2O 0.15 6 [6]: 789 
Sn Sn4+
+ 2e
Sn2+
0.151 2 [8]
S HSO
4
+ 3H+ + 2e
SO
2
(aq) + 2H2O
0.158 2 [6]: 790 
Cu Cu2+
+ e
Cu+
0.159 1 [13]
U UO2+
2
+ e
UO+
2
0.163 1 [15]
S SO2−
4
+ 4H+ + 2e
SO
2
(aq) + 2H2O
0.17 2
Ti TiO2+
+ 2H+ + e
Ti3+
+ H2O
0.19 1
Sb SbO+
+ 2H+ + 3e
Sb(s) + H2O 0.2 3
Fe 3Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
2Fe
3
O
4
(s) + H2O
0.22 2 [18]: p.100 
Ag AgCl(s) + e Ag(s) + Cl
0.22233 1 [10]
As H
3
AsO
3
(aq) + 3H+ + 3e
As(s) + 3H2O 0.24 3 [6]: 789 
Ru Ru3+
(aq) + e
Ru2+
(aq)
0.249 1 [19]
Pb PbO2(s) + H2O + 2e α-PbO(s) + 2OH 0.254 2 [6]: 788 
Ge GeO(s) + 2H+ + 2e Ge(s) + H2O 0.26 2
Hg Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e 2Hg(l) + 2Cl 0.27 2 [16]
U UO+
2
+ 4H+ + e
U4+
+ 2H2O
0.273 1 [15]
Re Re3+
+ 3e
Re(s) 0.300 3 [8]
At At + e At 0.3 1 [20]
Bi Bi3+
+ 3e
Bi(s) 0.308 3 [10]
C 2HCNO + 2H+ + 2e (CN)2 + 2H2O 0.330 2 [8]
Cu Cu2+
+ 2e
Cu(s) 0.337 2 [13]
V VO2+
+ 2H+ + e
V3+
+ H2O
0.337 1 [6]: 793 
Sb Sb2O4(s) + 2H+ + 2e Sb2O3(s) + H2O(l) 0.342 2 [6]: 789 
At At+ + 2e At- 0.36 2 [21]
Fe [Fe(CN)
6
]3−
+ e
[Fe(CN)
6
]4−
0.3704 1 [22]
C (CN)2 + 2H+ + 2e 2HCN 0.373 2 [8]
P (H2PO3)2(aq) + 2H+ + 2e 2H3PO3 0.38 2 [6]: 789 
S 2SO2(aq) + 2H+ + 2e S2O2−
3
+ H2O(l)
0.4 2 [6]: 790 
O O
2
(g) + 2H2O + 4e
4OH(aq) 0.401 4 [7]
Mo H
2
MoO
4
+ 6H+ + 3e
Mo3+
+ 4H2O
0.43 3
Ru Ru2+
(aq) + 2e
Ru 0.455 2 [19]
V VO(OH)+ + 2H+ + e VOH2+
+ H2O(l)
0.481 1 [6]: 793 
C CH
3
OH
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
CH
4
(g) + H2O
0.5 2
S SO
2
(aq) + 4H+ + 4e
S(s) + 2H2O 0.5 4 [6]: 790 
S 4SO
2
(aq) + 4H+ + 8e
S4O2−
6
+ 2H2O(l)
0.51 8 [16]
Cu Cu+
+ e
Cu(s) 0.52 1 [13]
C CO(g) + 2H+ + 2e C(s) + H2O 0.52 2 [6]: 788 
I I
3
+ 2e
3I
0.53 2 [7]
Te TeO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e Te(s) + 2H2O(l) 0.53 4 [6]: 790 
Cu Cu2+
+ Cl + e
CuCl(s) 0.54 1 [16]
I I
2
(s) + 2e
2I
0.54 2 [7]
Au [AuI
4
]
+ 3e
Au(s) + 4I
0.56 3
As H
3
AsO
4
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
H
3
AsO
3
(aq) + H2O
0.56 2 [6]: 789 
S S2O2−
6
+ 4H+ + 2e
2H2SO3 0.569 2 [6]: 790 
Au [AuI
2
]
+ e
Au(s) + 2I
0.58 1
Mn MnO
4
+ 2H2O + 3e
MnO
2
(s) + 4OH
0.595 3 [1]
S S
2
O2−
3
+ 6H+ + 4e
2S(s) + 3H2O 0.6 4 [6]: 790 
Fe Fc+
+ e
Fc(s) 0.63 1 Substantial literature variation[23]
Mo H
2
MoO
4
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
MoO
2
(s) + 2H2O
0.65 2
N HN3(aq) + 11H+ + 8e 3NH+
4
0.69 8 [16]
O O
2
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
H
2
O
2
(aq)
0.695 2 [8]
Sb Sb2O5(s) + 4H+ + 4e Sb2O3(s) + 2H2O 0.699 4 [6]: 789 
C + 2H+ + 2e 0.6992 2 [10]
V H2V10O4−
28
+ 24H+ + 10e
10VO(OH)+ + 8H2O(l) 0.723 10 [6]: 793 
Pt PtCl2−
6
+ 2e
PtCl2−
4
+ 2Cl
0.726 2 [15]
Fe Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 6H+ + 2e
2Fe2+
+ 3H2O
0.728 2 [18]: p.100 
Se H
2
SeO
3
(aq) + 4H+ + 4e
Se(s) + 3H2O 0.74 4 [8]
At AtO+ + 2H+ + 2e At+ + H2O 0.74 2 [21]
Tl Tl3+
+ 3e
Tl(s) 0.741 3 [8]
No No3+
+ e
No2+
0.75 1 [24]
Pt PtCl2−
4
+ 2e
Pt(s) + 4Cl
0.758 2 [15]
Br BrO + H2O(l) + 2e Br + 2OH 0.76 2 [6]: 791 
Po Po4+ + 4e Po 0.76 4 [8]
S (SCN)2 + 2e 2SCN- 0.769 2 [25][8]
Fe Fe3+
+ e
Fe2+
0.771 1 [8]
Hg Hg2+
2
+ 2e
2Hg(l) 0.7973 2 [8]
Ag Ag+
+ e
Ag(s) 0.7996 1 [10]
N 2NO
3
(aq) + 4H+ + 2e
N
2
O
4
(g) + 2H2O
0.803 2 [6]: 789 
Fe 2FeO2−
4
+ 5H2O + 6e
Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 10OH
0.81 6 [12]
Au [AuBr
4
]
+ 3e
Au(s) + 4Br
0.85 3
Hg Hg2+
+ 2e
Hg(l) 0.85 2
Ir [IrCl
6
]2−
+ e
[IrCl
6
]3−
0.87 1 [6]: 153 
Mn MnO
4
+ H+ + e
HMnO
4
0.9 1
Po Po4+ + 2e Po2+ 0.9 2 [8]
Hg 2Hg2+
+ 2e
Hg2+
2
0.91 2 [13]
Pd Pd2+
+ 2e
Pd(s) 0.915 2 [15]
Au [AuCl
4
]
+ 3e
Au(s) + 4Cl
0.93 3
N NO
3
+ 3H+ + 2e
HNO2(aq) 0.94 2 [6]: 789 
Mn MnO
2
(s) + 4H+ + e
Mn3+
+ 2H2O
0.95 1
N NO
3
(aq) + 4H+ + 3e
NO(g) + 2H2O(l) 0.958 3 [7]
Au [AuBr
2
]
+ e
Au(s) + 2Br
0.96 1
Fe Fe
3
O
4
(s) + 8H+ + 2e
3Fe2+
+ 4H2O
0.98 2 [18]: p.100 
Xe [HXeO
6
]3−
+ 2H2O + 2e
[HXeO
4
]
+ 4OH
0.99 2 [6]: 792 [26]
N HNO2(aq) + H+ + e NO(g) + H2O(l) 0.996 1 [6]: 789 
At HAtO + H+ + e At + H2O 1.0 1 [20]
V [VO
2
]+
(aq) + 2H+ + e
[VO]2+
(aq) + H2O
1 1 [27]
Te H
6
TeO
6
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
TeO
2
(s) + 4H2O
1.02 2 [27]
N NO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e NO(g) + H2O(l) 1.03 2 [16]
Br Br
3
+ 2e
3Br
1.05 2 [16]
Sb Sb2O5(s) + 2H+ + 2e Sb2O4(s) + H2O(l) 1.055 2 [6]: 789 
I ICl
2
+ e
2Cl
+ I(s)
1.06 1 [16]
Br Br
2
(l) + 2e
2Br
1.066 2 [10]
N N2O4(g) + 2H+ + 2e 2HNO2 1.07 2 [6]: 789 
Br Br
2
(aq) + 2e
2Br
1.0873 2 [10]
Ru RuO
2
+ 4H+ + 2e
Ru2+
(aq) + 2H2O
1.120 2 [19]
Cu Cu2+
+ 2CN
+ e
Cu(CN)
2
1.12 1 [13]
I IO
3
+ 5H+ + 4e
HIO(aq) + 2H2O 1.13 4 [6]: 791 
O H2O2(aq) + H+ + e H2O(l) + HO• 1.14 1 [6]: 790 
Au [AuCl
2
]
+ e
Au(s) + 2Cl
1.15 1
Se HSeO
4
+ 3H+ + 2e
H
2
SeO
3
(aq) + H2O
1.15 2 [6]: 790 
Ag Ag
2
O
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
2Ag(s) + H2O 1.17 2
Cl ClO
3
+ 2H+ + e
ClO
2
(g) + H2O
1.175 1 [6]: 791 
Xe [HXeO
6
]3−
+ 5H2O + 8e
Xe(g) + 11OH 1.18 8 [26]
Pt Pt2+
+ 2e
Pt(s) 1.188 2 [15]
Cl ClO
2
(g) + H+ + e
HClO
2
(aq)
1.19 1 [28]
I 2IO
3
+ 12H+ + 10e
I
2
(s) + 6H2O
1.2 10 [16]
Mn MnO
2
(s) + 4H+ + 2e
Mn2+
+ 2H2O
1.224 2 [10]
O O
2
(g) + 4H+ + 4e
2H2O 1.229 4 [7]
N N2H+
5
+ 3H+ + 2e
2NH+
4
1.28 2 [6]: 789 
Cl ClO
4
+ 2H+ + 2e
ClO
3
+ H2O
1.23 2 [29]
Ru [Ru(bipy)
3
]3+
+ e
[Ru(bipy)
3
]2+
1.24 1 [1]
Xe [HXeO
4
]
+ 3H2O + 6e
Xe(g) + 7OH 1.24 6 [6]: 792 [26]
N 2NO
3
+ 12H+ + 10e
N2(g) + 6H2O(l) 1.25 10 [6]: 789 
Tl Tl3+
+ 2e
Tl+
1.25 2 [6]: 788 
N 2HNO2(aq) + 4H+ + 4e N2O(g) + 3H2O(l) 1.297 4 [6]: 789 
Cr Cr
2
O2−
7
+ 14H+ + 6e
2Cr3+
+ 7H2O
1.38 6 [6]: 793 
N NH3OH+ + 2H+ + 2e NH+
4
+ H2O(l)
1.35 2 [6]: 789 
Cl Cl
2
(g) + 2e
2Cl
1.36 2 [7]
Ru RuO
4
(aq) + 8H+ + 5e
Ru2+
(aq) + 4H2O
1.368 5 [19]
Ru RuO
4
+ 4H+ + 4e
RuO
2
+ 2H2O
1.387 4 [19]
Co CoO
2
(s) + 4H+ + e
Co3+
+ 2H2O
1.42 1
N 2NH
3
OH+
+ H+ + 2e
N
2
H+
5
+ 2H2O
1.42 2 [4]
I 2HIO(aq) + 2H+ + 2e I
2
(s) + 2H2O
1.44 2 [6]: 791 
Br BrO
3
+ 5H+ + 4e
HBrO(aq) + 2H2O 1.447 4 [6]: 791 
Pb β-PbO
2
(s) + 4H+ + 2e
Pb2+
+ 2H2O
1.46 2 [13]
Pb α-PbO
2
(s) + 4H+ + 2e
Pb2+
+ 2H2O
1.468 2 [13]
Br 2BrO
3
+ 12H+ + 10e
Br
2
(l) + 6H2O
1.48 10
At HAtO3 + 4H+ + 4e HAtO + 2H2O 1.5 4 [20]
Mn MnO
4
+ 8H+ + 5e
Mn2+
+ 4H2O
1.51 5 [16]
O HO
2
+ H+ + e
H
2
O
2
(aq)
1.51 1
Au Au3+
+ 3e
Au(s) 1.52 3
Ru RuO2−
4
(aq) + 8H+ + 4e
Ru2+
(aq) + 4H2O
1.563 4 [19]
N 2NO(g) + 2H+ + 2e N2O(g) + H2O(l) 1.59 2 [6]: 789 
Ni NiO
2
(s) + 2H+ + 2e
Ni2+
+ 2OH
1.59 2
Ce Ce4+
+ e
Ce3+
1.61 1
Cl 2HClO(aq) + 2H+ + 2e Cl
2
(g) + 2H2O
1.63 2 [28]
I IO
4
+ 2H+ + 2e
IO
3
+ H2O
1.64 2 [29]
Ag Ag
2
O
3
(s) + 6H+ + 4e
2Ag+
+ 3H2O
1.67 4
Cl HClO
2
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
HClO(aq) + H2O 1.67 2 [28]
Pb Pb4+
+ 2e
Pb2+
1.69 2 [13]
Mn MnO
4
+ 4H+ + 3e
MnO
2
(s) + 2H2O
1.7 3 [16]
Br BrO
4
+ 2H+ + 2e
BrO
3
+ H2O
1.74 2 [29]
Ag AgO(s) + 2H+ + e Ag+
+ H2O
1.77 1
N N2O(g) + 2H+ + 2e N2(g) + H2O(l) 1.77 2 [6]: 789 
O H
2
O
2
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
2H2O 1.78 2 [28]
Au Au+
+ e
Au(s) 1.83 1 [13]
Co Co3+
+ e
Co2+
1.92 1 [8]
Ag Ag2+
+ e
Ag+
1.98 1 [13]
O S
2
O2−
8
+ 2e
2SO2−
4
2.01 2 [10]
O O
3
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
O
2
(g) + H2O
2.075 2 [15]
Mn HMnO
4
+ 3H+ + 2e
MnO
2
(s) + 2H2O
2.09 2
Xe XeO
3
(aq) + 6H+ + 6e
Xe(g) + 3H2O 2.12 6 [6]: 792 [26]
Xe H
4
XeO
6
(aq) + 8H+ + 8e
Xe(g) + 6H2O 2.18 8 [6]: 792 [26]
Fe FeO2−
4
+ 8H+ + 3e
Fe3+
+ 4H2O
2.2 3 [30]
Xe XeF
2
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) 2.32 2 [26][28]
O HO• + H+ + e H2O(l) 2.38 1 [6]: 790 
Xe H
4
XeO
6
(aq) + 2H+ + 2e
XeO
3
(aq) + 3H2O
2.42 2 [26][6]: 792 
F F
2
(g) + 2e
2F
2.87 2 [6]: 153 [7][13]
Cm Cm4+ + e Cm3+ 3.0 1 Estimated[3]
F F
2
(g) + 2H+ + 2e
2HF(aq) 3.077 2 [3]
Tb Tb4+ + e Tb3+ 3.1 1 Estimated[3]
Pr Pr4+ + e Pr3+ 3.2 1 Estimated[3]
Kr KrF
2
(aq) + 2e
Kr(g) + 2F
(aq)
3.27 2 Estimated[31]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×(−0.499) + (−0.508))/3 = −0.502, exactly matching the difference between the values for white (−0.063) and red (−0.111) phosphorus in equilibrium with PH3.

References

[edit]
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  29. ^ a b c Appelman, Evan H. (1973-04-01). "Nonexistent compounds. Two case histories". Accounts of Chemical Research. 6 (4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 113–117. doi:10.1021/ar50064a001. ISSN 0001-4842.
  30. ^ Courtney, Arlene. "Oxidation Reduction Chemistry of the Elements". Ch 412 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Reading Materials. Western Oregon University.
  31. ^ Leszczyński, P.J.; Grochala, W. (2013). "Strong Cationic Oxidizers: Thermal Decomposition, Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Their Compounds" (PDF). Acta Chim. Slov. 60 (3): 455–470. PMID 24169699. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
[edit]